Each record describes something a country built that the indicators do not capture. The source provides the published number; the mechanism is our interpretation.
Scores describe outcomes. These records describe how a country acted, what it needed and what happened. 742 of 742 records include a mechanism. They do not affect scores.
Tรผrkiye's e-Devlet Gateway ended 2024 with 66,753,526 users, 8,309 online services and 1,080 participating institutions, including 127 private providers alongside central government, universities and municipalities.
A central gateway gave public agencies, universities, municipalities and selected private providers one identity and service front door, while the state kept the common authentication and catalogue layer.
Preconditions
A national identity and authentication system that many institutions can trust
A centre-of-government operator able to set integration standards
Institutions with digital case systems mature enough to expose a service end to end
Where else it has been used: Shared portals travel when the common layer is more valuable than each institution's bespoke login; a catalogue of links without transaction completion only moves the queue online.
Limits: User registrations and service listings measure reach and integration, not whether transactions complete, how long they take or whether private providers add value. The gateway's own statistics aggregate institutions with very different roles, and the 127 private providers are included as participants rather than evidence of joint financing or shared accountability.
๐น๐ทTurkeysince 2024still operatingbears on University-industry collaboration
TรBฤฐTAK's 1505 UniversityโIndustry Collaboration Support Programme received 116 project applications and began support for 59 projects in 2024, with 52 fellows working across the collaboration pipeline.
TรBฤฐTAK made firms' needs the entry point for university research, with a public grant and named academic and customer organisations sharing the project rather than leaving technology transfer to informal contacts.
Preconditions
A public research fund able to contract with both universities and firms
Academic teams with usable research and firms willing to specify a problem
A review and reporting process that keeps the two sides accountable to one project plan
Where else it has been used: Universityโindustry programmes travel when the firm is a real customer and the grant funds a jointly owned deliverable; a networking event without a project contract is not collaboration capacity.
Limits: Applications and support starts measure the interface, not the number of products commercialised or the durability of universityโfirm relationships. The activity report is an administrative source and does not identify the firms, project quality or completion rate; 52 fellows are a staffing input, not an outcome.
๐น๐ทTurkeysince 1986still operatingbears on Public-private collaboration
Turkey's central government signed 277 public-private partnership contracts from 1986 to September 2025, worth US$112.09 billion in September 2025 prices across transport, energy and health, with 262 in operation, including 18 PPP city hospitals holding 29,325 registered beds.
Successive governments, and the Strategy and Budget Office as coordinator, used build-operate-transfer, build-lease-transfer and operating-rights contracts to move large transport, energy and hospital builds off the annual budget. The state then pays through guarantees and availability payments over the contract life.
Preconditions
Sector laws for each contract model, including Law 6428 for health facilities
A treasury willing to issue long-dated demand and availability guarantees
Domestic contractors large enough to bid, often in consortium with foreign firms and lenders
Limits: The registry's own note on this gap says PPP investment databases measure infrastructure finance, not collaboration capacity, and this record rests on exactly that kind of figure. US$112.09 billion is contracted investment size in current prices, not money spent or value delivered. It includes transfers of operating rights (ฤฐHD), which are closer to concessions or privatisation than to joint delivery. The government reports on its own programme. The same document shows what the collaboration costs the public side: in 2026 it programs 57.5 billion TL for goods and services and 78.7 billion TL in capital spending to run the completed PPP city hospitals, and adds 101.8 billion TL in current transfers to finance demand guarantees on completed PPP transport projects. A hostile reviewer would say those guarantees left the risk with the state, so the record shows private construction finance with public risk-bearing more than shared delivery. No cost or schedule performance is reported for individual contracts, and the count spans four decades and very different legal models.
Tรผrkiye's Ministry of National Education reported 7,909,495 participants in public adult-learning programmes in 2024, including 6,493,700 attending in person and 1,415,795 using the HEMBA online platform; 5,305,688 earned a course certificate.
A dense network of public education centres offered locally requested courses while HEMBA moved a subset of the same provision online, allowing adult learners to enter through either a physical centre or a national platform.
Preconditions
A nationwide network of public adult-education centres
A course catalogue and credential system that can be updated centrally
Digital infrastructure and instructors able to support online as well as in-person delivery
Where else it has been used: Adult-learning networks travel when local access and a common credential reinforce one another; participation totals need unique-learner and outcome data before they become a capability score.
Limits: The report counts course participations rather than unique adults, so repeat learners can appear more than once. Certificates indicate completion of a course, not labour-market value or durable skill acquisition, and the ministry's administrative data are not independently audited here.
Turkey answered its 2001 banking collapse with central bank independence, bank restructuring and fiscal rule, taking inflation from 54.4 percent in 2001 to 8.6 percent in 2004, and after 2018 the same framework was overridden until inflation reached 72.3 percent in 2022.
A crisis government handed monetary policy to an independent central bank by law, recapitalised and closed broken banks through an autonomous agency, and held a primary surplus, which together made the anti-inflation promise credible for fifteen years.
Preconditions
A crisis deep enough to make the political cost of reform payable
External anchors, the IMF programme and EU accession prospect, that rewarded holding the framework
A technocratic team with authority to execute across ministries
Where else it has been used: The package was the standard post-crisis prescription and worked as designed. What the case adds is the second half: formal independence survived on paper while governors were replaced until policy followed the executive, a path other countries have since repeated.
Limits: Inflation is an outcome with many causes: the 2001-2004 fall also rode an IMF programme and a global disinflation, and the post-2018 rise includes a currency crisis and imported energy prices, so neither number isolates the institutions. The record runs both ways by design: the same state that built a working stabilisation framework later demonstrated that the framework had no defence against its own executive. The institutions were not abolished, which is why the status is eroded rather than dismantled.
๐น๐ทTurkeysince 2023still operatingbears on Disaster preparedness and recovery
After the February 2023 earthquakes, Tรผrkiye's AFAD established 350 tent cities providing shelter for 2.5 million people, moved about 700,000 people into 414 container cities before the first winter and delivered 46,000 permanent homes within the first year.
AFAD combined a national incident command system with temporary settlements, cash support and a hand-off to permanent housing, keeping shelter, health, education and debris removal in one recovery operation.
Preconditions
A statutory national disaster agency with authority to coordinate ministries and provinces
Pre-existing logistics, procurement and temporary-settlement templates
Land, contractors and financing available for a second phase of permanent housing
Where else it has been used: Recovery systems travel when temporary shelter and permanent rebuilding are designed as one pipeline; a large first response can still leave a long tail if the hand-off is not funded.
Limits: These are government-reported outputs after a catastrophe, so they demonstrate response and recovery logistics more directly than ex ante preparedness. Shelter and home counts do not show safety, quality, displacement duration or whether the response reached every affected household; recovery was still continuing when the report was published.
๐น๐ทTurkeysince 2000still operatingbears on Disaster preparedness and recovery
After the 1999 Marmara earthquake, Turkey's government created the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (DASK) in 2000 to provide compulsory earthquake insurance, and coverage rose from 23 percent of dwellings as reported by the World Bank in January 2011 to 57.7 percent, or 11.6 million insured homes, by October 2025.
The government, with World Bank financial and technical assistance, set up a public catastrophe pool that sells statutory earthquake cover through around 30 private insurers, keeps a retention layer and passes excess risk to international reinsurers.
Preconditions
A catastrophic earthquake that made the fiscal cost of rebuilding private homes politically visible
A property registry able to identify eligible dwellings
Access to international reinsurance at actuarially priced rates
Limits: Insurance penetration measures financial preparation for rebuilding private homes, not the capacity to prepare for or recover from a shock. It says nothing about building safety. The scheme has been compulsory since 2000, yet after 25 years 42 percent of dwellings are still uninsured, falling to 45 percent coverage in the Black Sea region. Only legally built dwellings on registered land are eligible. The two figures come from different publishers and may use different denominators. The 2025 figure is DASK's own data reported through the government's annual programme, not an independent count. The record has no figure for claims paid or payout speed after the February 2023 earthquakes, which is the test that matters. Cover per policy is capped, so insured losses understate household losses. The World Bank, which co-designed the pool and seeded it with a US$100 million contingent loan, is also the source of the earlier figure.
Tรผrkiye opened the Marmaray rail tunnel between Europe and Asia in October 2013 and the transport ministry reported 196 million passenger journeys in 2024, with 1.226 billion cumulative journeys since opening.
The state assembled a cross-Bosphorus rail link, integrated it with existing suburban lines and then built ridership through frequent service rather than treating the tunnel as a stand-alone monument.
Preconditions
A metropolitan rail network on both sides of the crossing
Engineering and procurement capacity for a deep immersed-tube tunnel
An operating authority able to integrate timetables, fares and maintenance
Where else it has been used: A megaproject becomes capability when the operating system is funded and connected to everyday routes; a tunnel that opens without network integration will not produce this usage.
Limits: Passenger journeys show that the completed line is used at scale, not whether construction met its original budget or schedule. The ministry's cumulative figure is a programme-reported total, and ridership also reflects Istanbul's population, fares and the network of connecting lines rather than the tunnel alone.
๐น๐ทTurkeysince 2011still operatingbears on Large project delivery
Tรผrkiye's Ministry of National Education reported that the FATฤฐH project had installed 620,000 interactive classroom boards by 2023 and signed a five-year TรRKSAT service contract covering about 2,000 schools.
620,000 boards, interactive boards installed under fatiฬh, 2023. 2,000 schools, schools covered by the continuing service contract, 2023. Ministry of National Education, Government of Tรผrkiye, retrieved 2026-09-03.
The move, and what it needed
The education ministry treated classroom hardware, connectivity and content as one procurement programme, then used a national telecom operator for continuing access rather than ending delivery at installation.
Preconditions
A central school inventory and procurement authority
Electricity and connectivity in ordinary classrooms
A service provider able to maintain equipment across thousands of schools
Where else it has been used: Education technology projects travel when maintenance and teacher practice are funded alongside hardware; a board installed without a service contract quickly becomes furniture.
Limits: Equipment counts show installation, not whether teachers use the boards or whether learning improved. The ministry reports the hardware and contract itself, and the article does not give a national uptime, maintenance-cost or student-outcome series; the 2,000-school contract is a subset of the wider rollout.
๐น๐ทTurkeysince 2017dismantledbears on Large project delivery
Tรผrkiye signed the 1,000 MWe YEKA RES-1 wind contract in February 2018 and completed its factory and R&D centre in 2019, but the Energy Ministry records that the contract was cancelled under a 2024 law.
The state tied a renewable auction to domestic manufacturing and research obligations, then later used a statutory change to cancel the contract despite preparatory industrial facilities having been completed.
Preconditions
A ministry able to bundle generation rights with local-content obligations
Private consortia willing to build manufacturing and R&D capacity ahead of generation
Legislative authority able to reopen or cancel a signed concession
Where else it has been used: Industrial-policy tenders travel only when contract stability is part of the bargain; a local factory does not rescue a project whose legal foundation can be rewritten midstream.
Limits: The ministry page establishes the contract, capacity, factory and R&D milestones and the later cancellation, but it does not publish the cancellation cost, foregone generation or the reasons for the legislative change. Counting two completed facilities is a direct count of the page's milestones, not an independent audit of their operation; cancellation is evidence about delivery durability rather than renewable output.