Civil defence shelters and protective trenches, and their erosion

• Regulatorisk sandkasse for AI (Datatilsynet and Digitaliseringsstyrelsen)

  Denmark's data protection authority and digitalisation agency selected two projects from 23 applications for the first round of their regulatory sandbox for AI in July 2024, two from 18 applications in June 2025 and three more in July 2026, seven projects in all.

• Teknologiraadet, the Danish Board of Technology, abolished in 2012

  Denmark's parliament abolished the statutory Board of Technology, set up by Act no. 375 of 14 June 1995 to assess technology and report to the Folketing, by Act no. 559 of 18 June 2012, after an all-party budget agreement of 15 November 2011 withdrew its annual grant, which had been DKK 10.5 million in 2011, to fund the research reserve.

• Arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser (AMU), adult vocational training courses, and their decline

  Statistics Denmark counted 386,879 participations in Denmark's state-funded adult vocational training courses (AMU) in 2024, about 7,056 full-time equivalents, down from 1,050,944 participations and 15,307 full-time equivalents in 2010.

• Erhvervsforsker, the Industrial PhD and Industrial Postdoc programme

  Denmark's innovation fund (Danmarks Innovationsfond, formerly Innovationsfonden) awarded 138 Industrial Researcher grants in 2025, from 252 applications and for 147.4 million kroner, each funding a researcher employed by a company and enrolled at or supervised by a university.

• Lønkompensation, the 2020 wage compensation scheme

  Denmark's government, employers and unions agreed a wage compensation scheme on 14 March 2020, the Danish Business Authority opened applications 11 days later on 25 March and decided about 90 percent of applications within 30 days, paying DKK 12.7 billion in the first phase (March to August 2020) on 66,631 applications from 34,042 firms.

• MitID, the digital identity built by the state and the banks

  Denmark's Agency for Digital Government, representing the state, regions and municipalities, and the banks, through a Finance Denmark subsidiary, jointly own MitID, launched in May 2021 to replace NemID and migrated in 2021 and 2022; by July 2026, 97.2 percent of residents over 15 had an active MitID, and it averaged 94.4 million transactions a month in 2025.

• Fehmarn Belt fixed link, and its cost and schedule overrun

  The European Court of Auditors found in 2020 that the Fehmarn Belt fixed link, the 18 km rail and road tunnel that Denmark finances, designs and builds through its state company Femern A/S, had an initial cost estimate of 4.4 billion euros at 2008 prices (5.0 billion at 2019 values) against a latest estimate of 7.7 billion, a 54 percent increase, and that construction planned to start in 2012 for opening in 2018 had started in 2020 with opening expected in 2028.

• Kvalitetsfonden hospital building programme (supersygehuse), and its overruns

  Denmark set up Kvalitetsfonden in 2007 to fund a new hospital structure. Through it the regions are building or rebuilding 16 hospitals with a combined investment frame of about DKK 57 billion (2023 prices). Rigsrevisionen reported in November 2023 that the programme's largest overrun, Nyt Hospital Nordsjælland, had its budget raised by DKK 2.3 billion, or 44 percent, and was expected six years later than planned.

Every delivery from Denmark

• Federal siren warning network, and its dismantling

  West Germany built a federal warning service after 1955; after the Cold War the federally owned service was dissolved, its ten warning offices were abandoned and the nationwide siren alarm network was dismantled or transferred to municipalities, ending a system that had relied on about 1,700 volunteer helpers.

• Room for the River, flood safety delivered across the Rhine branches

  The Netherlands ran Room for the River from 2006 to 2019, delivering 39 measures at 34 locations along the IJssel, Waal, Nederrijn and Lek for about four million residents at a total cost of €2.3 billion.

• NL-Alert, a tested multi-channel emergency warning system

  The Netherlands tests NL-Alert twice a year and, in the 1 December 2025 national test, 92 percent of residents aged 12 and over said they received the message on their mobile phone; 90 percent received it only on that channel and 2 percent received it on mobile plus public digital signs.

• 27F reconstruction, a nationwide recovery programme after the 2010 earthquake

  After the 2010 earthquake and tsunami, Chile's reconstruction programme repaired or replaced more than 223,000 homes across seven regions; MINVU reported 99.93% progress by February 2020 and changed protocols, seismic standards and risk-mitigation requirements.

• Fondo Adaptación, recovery and safer resettlement after La Niña

  After the 2010–11 La Niña floods, Colombia's Fondo Adaptación had advanced resettlement, reconstruction and improvement for more than 39,000 households by its 2021–23 evaluation, presenting the work as reducing climate exposure and fiscal risk.

• Tōhoku reconstruction, a decade-long recovery programme

  After the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, Japan completed the planned 29,654 public-housing units by December 2020, completed 18,226 higher-ground residential-land units, opened about 570 kilometres of reconstruction roads by December 2021 and restored all damaged railways by March 2020.

• 2016 earthquake national emergency coordination

  After Ecuador's 7.8-magnitude earthquake in April 2016, the national emergency committee reported 17 shelters and 59 temporary shelters active, assisting 25,931 people while mobile health units and security forces were deployed across affected provinces.

• Canal water-and-transit response to the 2023–24 drought

  During the extreme 2023–24 drought, the Panama Canal Authority adjusted draft and booking rules to preserve water for the canal and the lakes supplying more than half of Panama's population, reducing daily transits from the normal 36 to 22 in December 2023 while keeping the waterway operating.

• Typhoon Yolanda shelter and recovery programme

  After Typhoon Yolanda, the Philippines' recovery programme had provided shelter assistance to about 1.14 million families by September 2016; the National Housing Authority had completed 29,661 permanent units while 102,240 more were under construction across six regions, 14 provinces and 115 cities and municipalities.

• InaRISK national disaster-risk information platform

  Indonesia's disaster agency runs InaRISK as an open, integrated risk-management platform; its 2024 national dashboard covered about 7,100 kecamatan and combined BNPB, geospatial, statistical, health and education data for exposure and risk mapping.

• Typhoon Yagi emergency restoration

  After Typhoon Yagi struck northern Vietnam, the government reported on 16 September 2024 that power had returned to 92.5% of customers in affected localities and that 8,386 of 9,235 damaged mobile base stations had been restored.

• National flood-warning SMS system

  Malaysia's National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA), water and meteorological agencies and telecommunications companies sent more than five million flood-warning SMS messages during the 2023/24 monsoon season and upgraded 442 transmission-tower sites to keep warnings and communications functioning.

• T-Alert national cell-broadcast warning system

  Thailand launched T-Alert in September 2025 as a nationwide cell-broadcast warning system: it covers eight hazard categories, was built with the disaster agency, digital ministry, telecom regulator and AIS, True and NT, and followed three staged tests in 2025 before use in real floods and other incidents.

• La Palma volcanic-eruption recovery and monitoring

  After the Cumbre Vieja eruption began on 19 September 2021, Spain coordinated a state–Canary Islands–island recovery commission; by February 2024 the state reported €929 million mobilised and 650 CO2 monitoring devices installed, allowing more than 220 families to return safely to homes in affected areas.

• Alert RCB national emergency SMS channel

  Poland's Government Security Centre launched Alert RCB as an opt-out-free emergency SMS channel in 2018; in its first year it activated the system 23 times and, working with mobile operators, sent about 200 million warning messages to phones in threatened areas.

• VMA multi-channel public warning system

  Sweden's Viktigt meddelande till allmänheten (VMA) system combines radio, television, mobile messages, apps and outdoor sirens; SOS Alarm's 2025 report records 37 VMA alerts issued in 2024, alongside the four scheduled annual siren tests.

• National COVID-19 vaccination delivery

  Ireland's HSE vaccination programme built a national booking, supply and reporting operation during COVID-19; by 21 July 2021 its dashboard recorded 5,344,686 administered doses, including 2,854,040 first doses.

• Met Éireann national weather-warning service

  Ireland's national meteorological service uses a standard Yellow–Orange–Red warning system and briefs the National Emergency Coordination Group so government departments and agencies can coordinate ahead of severe weather; warnings are issued up to 48 hours before anticipated conditions.

• Productive Safety Net Programme for drought resilience

  Ethiopia's government-run Productive Safety Net Programme reached about 8 million people, while 6.8 million received short-term employment in public-works activities that support household income and community resilience.

• National 9-1-1 emergency-response system

  The Dominican Republic expanded its National 9-1-1 Emergency and Security System to 27 provinces by July 2026, covering 94.64% of the population, or more than 9.6 million people.

• Sistema Nacional de Emergencias 911

  Honduras's Sistema Nacional de Emergencias 911 coordinated and attended 762,601 of 788,573 emergency tickets in 2024, reporting 96.71% efficacy through five regional coordination centres.

• National COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Cuba's national COVID-19 vaccination campaign had given at least one vaccine dose to 94% of the country's population by 31 December 2021, according to the Pan American Health Organization.

• Routine immunization coverage, and its erosion

  WHO and UNICEF estimated Haiti's national DTP3 routine-immunization coverage at 51% in 2022, down from 68% in 2011, while documenting vaccine and syringe stockouts and weak administrative reporting in the national programme.

• Sistema de Gestão Integrada de Fogos Rurais

  Portugal's integrated rural-fire system reported 85 of 97 national-action projects in progress and 48 percent cumulative execution in 2024; €638 million was spent that year, with 55 percent on prevention, even as 137,651 hectares burned.

• Programa Nacional de Vacinação and seasonal immunisation

  Portugal's DGS reported 86 percent immunisation of eligible infants in the first RSV campaign, 98–99 percent first-year coverage for the universal childhood schedule, and nearly four million seasonal vaccines administered in 2024–2025.

• STAYAWAY COVID, a contact-tracing app suspended after the emergency

  Portugal launched the voluntary STAYAWAY COVID exposure-notification app on 1 September 2020; the European Commission's case study records more than 3.2 million downloads and says the app was later suspended.

• CoWIN national COVID-19 vaccination platform

  India used CoWIN to register and scale COVID-19 vaccination nationally, recording more than 2.2067 billion vaccinations and 1.1093 billion registrations by 21 November 2023.

• Simulacro Nacional 2024, a nationwide emergency exercise

  Mexico's national civil-protection system coordinated a countrywide earthquake exercise in September 2024 in which 9,727,000 people participated, with alerts carried over 14,490 public loudspeakers and a multi-agency task force of 1.9 million personnel.

• AFAD earthquake shelter and recovery operation

  After the February 2023 earthquakes, Türkiye's AFAD established 350 tent cities providing shelter for 2.5 million people, moved about 700,000 people into 414 container cities before the first winter and delivered 46,000 permanent homes within the first year.

• Civil defence shelters

  Finland requires a shelter in every building above a size threshold, nationwide since 1991, and by 2023 had about 50,500 shelters with places for about 4.8 million people, in a country of about 5.6 million.

• Public civil defence shelters, and their dismantling

  Germany held 1,967 public shelters with about 1.6 million places in 2008, decided with the states to abandon them, and decommissioned them until March 2022, leaving 579 shelters with 477,593 places, none of them functional or operational.

• Dynamic zero-COVID containment, and its dismantling

  China's State Council joint prevention and control mechanism ran a national COVID-19 containment regime from January 2020, under which the mainland had reported 4,634 COVID-19 deaths when vaccination began on 15 December 2020; it dismantled the regime by circular on 7 December 2022, and the National Health Commission then reported 59,938 COVID-related deaths in medical institutions between 8 December 2022 and 12 January 2023.

• Nigeria's 2014 Ebola containment

  After an infected traveller brought Ebola virus into Lagos on 20 July 2014, Nigeria's government set up an emergency operations centre with WHO country office support, traced contacts in Lagos and Port Harcourt, and held the outbreak to 19 cases and 7 deaths before WHO declared the country free of transmission on 20 October 2014.

• SINAPRED evacuation for hurricanes Eta and Iota

  Nicaragua's national disaster system, SINAPRED, evacuated 160,597 people and sheltered 59,964 ahead of hurricanes Eta and Iota in November 2020, when about 3 million people were exposed, and 21 lives were reported lost.

• National cholera elimination drive, and the return of cholera

  After Haiti's Ministry of Public Health (MSPP) and water directorate DINEPA launched the National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in 2013, the country reported no confirmed cholera case from January 2019 to January 2022, but transmission returned in October 2022 and the MSPP epidemiology directorate had reported 76,675 suspected cases in all 10 departments by 18 December 2023.

• Civil Defence hurricane evacuation system

  Cuba's Civil Defence system and the provincial and municipal Defence Councils it activates evacuated and protected more than 735,000 people across eastern Cuba ahead of Hurricane Melissa, which struck as a Category 3 storm on 29 October 2025, according to UN OCHA.

• Civil protection shelters

  Under the shelter-building duty introduced with Switzerland's 1963 civil protection legislation, the Federal Office for Civil Protection reported about nine million shelter places in some 370,000 private and public shelters in 2023, a national coverage rate above 100 percent of the resident population.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Venezuela's health authorities reported to WHO that 22,157,232 people, 78 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 29 December 2023, from a first dose given on 22 February 2021, with 14,287,370 (50 per 100) completing the primary series.

• Estonian Stockpiling Agency (Eesti Varude Keskus) national emergency stocks

  After COVID-19 exposed supply gaps, Estonia set up a state stockpiling company in 2021 that holds food, healthcare, veterinary and fuel stocks. By the National Audit Office's January 2026 review, its food stocks covered 10% of the population for 30 days, against a government target of 14 days for the whole population, and just over 90% of the required pharmaceutical stock was in place.

• Strategic stock of pandemic masks, and its erosion

  France's health ministry and its stockpile agency built a strategic pandemic stock of about 1.7 billion FFP2 and surgical masks by 2009, but by the start of the covid-19 crisis it held only about 100 million valid masks, according to the Senate commission of inquiry.

• National COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  The UAE's health authorities ran a national COVID-19 vaccination campaign from late 2020 that WHO records as having given at least one dose to 9,991,089 people, a first-dose coverage of 100 per 100 people on WHO's capped measure, and 24,922,054 doses in total by 6 July 2022.

• Public disaster warning network of the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and its erosion

  Thailand's State Audit Office found in 2024 that the public warning system, for which the state allocated THB 1,074.95 million in fiscal years 2020 to 2022, and whose telemetry the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation publishes through its DPM Alert app, was not working as intended: 318 of 555 telemetry stations (57.30%) failed to measure continuously for more than two days, and 54 of 82 sampled warning towers and receivers (65.85%) were not ready to sound an alert, which the auditor attributed to damaged or deteriorated key parts.

• SINARAME national weather radar network

  The national water resources secretariat contracted the state technology firm INVAP in 2011 to build Argentine weather radars, and by December 2024 the network operated 14 radars feeding an operations centre at the national weather service, after 11 had covered 40 percent of the territory together with three INTA radars in 2023.

• Rwanda's 2024 Marburg outbreak response

  Rwanda's Ministry of Health declared a Marburg virus disease outbreak on 27 September 2024 and declared it over on 20 December 2024. WHO reported 66 confirmed cases and 15 deaths, a case fatality ratio of 23 percent, with the last confirmed case on 30 October.

• PUB drainage programme and the shrinking of flood-prone land

  Singapore's drainage authorities, the Drainage Department and later PUB, expanded the national drainage system under a drainage master plan, with a development drainage code from 1976, and reduced flood-prone areas from about 3,200 hectares in the 1970s to less than 25 hectares by 2025, with about $2.5 billion spent on drainage upgrades since 2011.

• Catastrophe risk insurance through CCRIF

  Nicaragua's Ministry of Finance joined the CCRIF regional catastrophe insurance pool in 2015, renewed every year to at least 2021, raised its cyclone cover ahead of the 2020 season, and received five payouts totalling US$32.25 million, including US$30.6 million after hurricanes Eta and Iota.

• National COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Israel started COVID-19 vaccination in December 2020 through its four health funds and had fully vaccinated about 70 percent of adults by April 2021; at the end of April 2021, 55 percent of its population was vaccinated, when coverage in most OECD countries was between 11 percent and less than one percent.

• State medical emergency stockpiles, and their dismantling

  Sweden's civil defence agency ÖCB began procuring long-term stocks of medical consumables for wartime care in 1989, and the national build-up by ÖCB and Socialstyrelsen was completed in 1995 to 1996; the stocks were run down from the late 1990s, ÖCB's stockpiles ended entirely in 2001, and by the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 Socialstyrelsen held no personal protective equipment in its emergency stockpile.

• COVID-19 Vaccine Taskforce and national vaccination rollout

  The UK government set up the Vaccine Taskforce in April 2020, became the first country to authorise a COVID-19 vaccine and begin vaccination in December 2020, and by the end of October 2021 the NHS in England had given two doses to 85% of adults.

• FONDEN, the natural disaster fund, and its abolition

  Mexico's federal government ran FONDEN from 1999 as a pre-arranged national fund for post-disaster reconstruction, allocating a record US$833 million to it in 2011 and insuring it with catastrophe bonds, and abrogated the FONDEN trust by the decree of 6 November 2020, moving disaster spending onto ordinary budget lines.

• DASK compulsory earthquake insurance

  After the 1999 Marmara earthquake, Turkey's government created the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (DASK) in 2000 to provide compulsory earthquake insurance, and coverage rose from 23 percent of dwellings as reported by the World Bank in January 2011 to 57.7 percent, or 11.6 million insured homes, by October 2025.

• Disaster Recovery Funding Arrangements

  The Australian Government paid $3.1 billion to state and territory governments through the Disaster Recovery Funding Arrangements between 1 June 2018 and 30 June 2022, and the arrangements were activated for 49 disaster events that occurred in 2021–22.

• Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements

  Public Safety Canada's Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements paid $1.84 billion in contributions to provinces and territories between 2011–12 and 2015–16, almost 45 percent of everything paid since the programme began in 1970, while 53 disaster events were approved by the Governor in Council between 2011 and 2016.

• National Flood Insurance Program coverage, and its erosion

  OpenFEMA's records of National Flood Insurance Program contracts in force fell from 4,667,875 on 31 December 2009 to 3,589,275 on 31 December 2025, a fall of about 23 percent in the federal flood insurance base over 16 years.

• KMA earthquake early warning service

  The Korea Meteorological Administration expanded the national seismic network from 195 stations when its earthquake early warning service started in January 2015 to 550 stations, and by May 2026 issued early warnings within 5 to 10 seconds of first detection.

• South African Weather Service radar network, and its erosion

  The South African Weather Service reported that the availability of its weather radar infrastructure fell from 73.83 percent in 2021/22 to 52.23 percent in 2022/23 and 44.25 percent in 2023/24, against a 75 percent target, as load shedding, missing spares and ageing C-band radars took sites down.

• Hunger Safety Net Programme, a shock-responsive cash transfer for drought

  Kenya's National Drought Management Authority expanded the shock-responsive Hunger Safety Net Programme from four to eight arid counties, enrolling 32,000 new households paid from the government's own budget by December 2024, while 100 percent of regular transfers in the original four counties were financed by the government.

• Auxílio Reconstrução, the federal cash grant after the 2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods

  After the floods that began in late April 2024 in Rio Grande do Sul, the federal government paid R$ 2.1 billion in Auxílio Reconstrução to 429,000 families, according to the balance its extraordinary secretary for the reconstruction of Rio Grande do Sul presented to a Chamber of Deputies committee on 12 February 2025.

• Hurricane Otto priority reconstruction works

  In the 17 months to September 2018, the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, under an agreement with the national emergency commission (CNE), completed 64 of the 65 priority reconstruction works after Hurricane Otto of November 2016, rebuilding 20 bridges and 211 km of rural roads for ₡18,500 million.

• Contingent disaster credit with a Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option

  On 21 April 2020, five days after its second World Bank disaster-risk loan with a Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option became effective, Guatemala's government decided to withdraw the entire US$200 million to meet the fiscal shock of COVID-19, and the loan was fully disbursed. A first such credit of US$85 million, approved in 2009, had been drawn in 2010 after the Pacaya eruption and Tropical Storm Agatha.

• National COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  From its first dose on 9 February 2021 to the end of 2023, Peru's national COVID-19 vaccination campaign administered 91.3 million doses and completed the primary series for 28.7 million people, 87 per 100 population, with 22.2 million boosted.

• Secretaría de Emergencia Nacional response to the 2019 floods

  By 29 May 2019, Paraguay's Secretaría de Emergencia Nacional had assisted 62,521 of the 65,000 families affected by the flash floods of March to May 2019 across 14 departments, delivering 1.5 million kg of food, 150,000 roofing sheets and 110,000 plywood boards.

• National COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  From its first dose on 17 February 2021 to the end of 2023, El Salvador's national COVID-19 vaccination campaign administered 11.5 million doses and completed the primary series for 4.4 million people, 68 per 100 population.

• Plan Nacional de Relocalizaciones, moving households out of flood-prone land

  Uruguay's national housing directorate relocated 2,618 households from flood-prone or contaminated land between 2015 and 2020 under the Plan Nacional de Relocalizaciones and related agreements with departmental governments, against a target of 3,500 to 6,000 households by 2025.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Bolivia's health authorities reported to WHO that 7,505,389 people, 64 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 29 December 2023, from a first dose given on 30 January 2021, with 6,307,628 (54 per 100) completing the primary series.

• Cyclone Preparedness Programme

  Before Cyclone Remal made landfall on 26 May 2024, Bangladesh's government-run cyclone early warning and evacuation system moved about 0.8 million people into 9,424 evacuation shelters across 19 districts. The UN-coordinated response plan records 16 deaths among 4.6 million people affected.

• eRecovery (єВідновлення) housing compensation programme

  Ukraine's government, through the Ministry for Development and the Diia digital platform, paid war-damage housing compensation to 231,681 families totalling UAH 119.1 billion by 10 July 2026. Of these, more than 153,000 families received repair payments, and more than 74,000 received certificates to buy replacement housing for homes that were destroyed.

• Catastrophe insurance regime and the Solidarity Fund against Catastrophic Events (FSEC)

  Morocco's dual catastrophe insurance regime under Law 110-14 took effect in January 2020. It offered private cover to close to 9 million insured people and set up the FSEC, financed by a parafiscal levy, for the uninsured. After the September 2023 Al Haouz earthquake, the government deployed the FSEC for the first time, and it mobilised US$300 million to compensate uninsured victims.

• Emergency Operation for Development, reconstruction of areas affected by terroristic operations

  From September 2015 Iraqi ministries, governorates and the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by Terroristic Operations used two World Bank loans totalling US$750 million (IBRD-85200, US$350 million, and IBRD-87930, US$400 million), of which US$610 million was disbursed by 30 November 2024, to rebuild water, power, roads, bridges and railway in five governorates, reaching 5 million direct beneficiaries by March 2024, with the first loan's closing date pushed six years past the original June 2020.

• Earthquake Emergency Recovery after the 2002 Changureh-Avaj earthquake

  After the April 2002 earthquake in Kermanshah and the June 2002 earthquake in Qazvin, Zanjan and Hamedan, Iran's Ministry of Interior project unit and the Housing Foundation repaired or rebuilt about 24,000 damaged houses to seismic standards by June 2009, using government funds and a US$180 million World Bank loan, of which US$174.9 million was disbursed.

• Instituto Nacional de Gestao de Calamidades (INGC)

  Mozambique's National Disaster Management Institute, created in 1999 after a new national disaster policy, evacuated around 150,000 people with two days of warning in the 2007 floods, and by 2011 had ten days of warning for an event of similar scale and spent under US$1 million on evacuation, against about US$5 million in 2007.

• FID crisis response transfers, including Fiavota

  Madagascar's Fonds d'Intervention pour le Developpement turned its safety net project into a shock-response channel from December 2016, delivering crisis-response unconditional cash transfers to 622,961 people and crisis cash-for-work to 155,649 people after droughts in the South and the 2022 cyclones, by the project's close in October 2024.

• Earthquake housing reconstruction programme (National Reconstruction Authority)

  After the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal's National Reconstruction Authority ran an owner-driven housing grant programme that, by 23 September 2021, had paid the third and final tranche of the reconstruction grant to 704,341 of 866,207 eligible households across 32 districts, with the World Bank-financed share revised to 309,335 houses.

• Drought Emergency Cash Transfer through the Social Cash Transfer

  After the President declared the 2024 El Niño drought a national disaster, Zambia's Ministry of Community Development and Social Services enumerated households in all 116 districts within four to eight weeks. From May 2024 to April 2025 it paid a drought emergency cash transfer to 1,631,007 households in 84 districts through the Social Cash Transfer, and paid a nationally funded price-shock transfer to 632,664 households in the other 32 districts.

• Guinea's 2021 Ebola outbreak response

  Guinea's Ministry of Health announced an Ebola outbreak in N'Zérékoré Prefecture on 14 February 2021 and declared it over on 19 June 2021. It activated national and district emergency committees, vaccinated 10,873 people and followed 1,031 of 1,110 contacts daily, and held the outbreak to 23 confirmed and probable cases and 12 deaths, five years after the 2014 to 2016 West African epidemic.

• Shock-responsive social cash transfers and the Cat DDO

  From 2019 the Government of Malawi identified every household it registered for shock-responsive cash transfers through its Unified Beneficiary Registry. It expanded the Social Cash Transfer Programme to give drought and COVID-19 aid to more than 300,000 rural households, and it drew US$30 million of pre-arranged contingent financing on 10 April 2020, three weeks after declaring a state of disaster.

• Response to the 2022 Sudan ebolavirus outbreak

  Uganda's Ministry of Health contained the Sudan ebolavirus outbreak declared on 20 September 2022, for which no licensed vaccine existed, through national and district emergency committees, listing 4,793 contacts, and declared it over on 11 January 2023 after 142 confirmed and 22 probable cases and 77 deaths.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Botswana's health authorities reported to WHO that 1,951,054 people, 83 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 31 December 2023, from a first dose given on 26 March 2021, with 1,663,490 (71 per 100) completing the primary series.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Mauritius's health authorities reported to WHO that 1,123,773 people, 88 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 31 December 2023, from a first dose given on 26 January 2021, with 1,088,142 (86 per 100) completing the primary series.

• Response to the 2018 to 2020 North Kivu and Ituri Ebola outbreak

  The Democratic Republic of the Congo's Ministry of Health, supported by WHO and partners, ran the response to the North Kivu and Ituri Ebola outbreak from August 2018 until it was declared over on 25 June 2020, vaccinating more than 303,000 people, registering 250,000 contacts and testing 220,000 samples, in an outbreak that counted 3,481 cases and 2,299 deaths.

• Routine immunization through the 2023 war, and its erosion

  WHO and UNICEF estimated that Sudan's national DTP3 coverage among one-year-olds fell from 95 percent in 2017 and 84 percent in 2022 to 51 percent in 2023 and 39 percent in 2024, after war broke out in April 2023, before recovering to 71 percent in 2025.

• Response to the 2025 cholera outbreak, with a high fatality rate

  Angola's Ministry of Health, with WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank and the ICRC, vaccinated over 900,000 people with oral cholera vaccine in a five-day reactive campaign in January 2025, with 99.5 percent administrative coverage, in an outbreak that had reached 8,543 cases and 329 deaths, a case fatality rate of 3.9 percent, in 16 of 21 provinces by 23 March 2025.

• Ghana's 2022 Marburg virus disease response

  Ghana's Ministry of Health declared the country's first Marburg virus disease outbreak on 7 July 2022, identified and monitored 198 contacts through 42 days, and declared the outbreak over on 16 September 2022 after three confirmed cases, all from one household, and two deaths.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Côte d'Ivoire's health authorities reported to WHO that 13,568,372 people, 51 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 31 December 2023, from a first dose given on 1 March 2021, with 12,164,304 (46 per 100) completing the primary series.

• Mali's 2014 Ebola containment

  After Mali confirmed an imported Ebola case on 23 October 2014 and a second, unrecognised imported case started a chain of seven further cases in a Bamako clinic, the government with WHO and partners identified and followed 433 contacts for 21 days, set up a hotline receiving about 6,000 calls a day, built isolation and treatment facilities, and ended monitoring of the last contacts on 15 December 2014.

• COVID-19 emergency food support distributed by the National Disaster Management Agency

  The Gambia's government bought 264,500 bags of rice, 279,500 bags of sugar and 185,200 drums of oil for vulnerable households with about GMD909.9 million redirected in 2020, and the National Disaster Management Agency distributed them between May and 28 September 2020, with 228,367 bags of rice recorded as delivered to households, 36,133 fewer than procured.

• Reconstruction after the 2016 and 2017 Central Italy earthquakes

  Italy's Extraordinary Commissioner for reconstruction after the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes reported that by 31 May 2026 private reconstruction had received 36,149 grant applications for 17.82 billion euros, approved 24,650, granted 12.59 billion and paid 7.99 billion, and that 14,968 of 23,361 authorised building sites had been completed across the 138 municipalities of the crater.

• Zagreb earthquake recovery under the World Bank loan, and its delays

  Croatia's Ministry of Construction, Physical Planning and State Assets and Ministry of Health had disbursed 16 percent of the 200 million US dollar World Bank earthquake recovery loan approved in June 2020 by November 2024, when the closing date was extended for the second time to 30 June 2027, and by May 2026 had restored 40 percent of the targeted health and education buildings.

• Civil defence public warning sirens (tyfoner) and their twice-yearly test

  The Norwegian Civil Defence tested 1,130 public warning sirens in its national warning test on 14 January 2026 and reported an uptime of 89 percent, which it called a clear improvement on the January 2025 test and a slight fall from the June 2025 test.

• Recovery after the August 2023 floods

  Slovenia's Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning reported in July 2025 that after the floods of 4 August 2023 it had completed all intervention and emergency works on 850 km of watercourses by June 2024, paid 35.7 million euros in advance payments for home repairs to more than 7,350 individuals, transferred 218 million euros in advances to municipalities and completed more than 430 watercourse repair sites, within a five-year recovery programme funded at 2.3 billion euros.

• First state aid payments after Storm Daniel (Kratiki Arogi)

  Greece's Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection paid almost 65 million euros of first state aid (proti arogi) to about 14,000 people affected by the September 2023 Thessaly floods within the first month after the storm, and by 15 February 2024 had paid 154.94 million euros to 45,292 households, firms, farms and livestock units in the first round.

• National warning siren network and its twice-yearly test

  Latvia's State Fire and Rescue Service tested the national early warning siren network on 23 May 2025 and reported that 160 of the 162 sirens tested worked without faults, out of 164 installed, against 119 of 155 in the test of 20 May 2024.

• Recovery from the May 2014 floods: power supply and flood defences

  After the May 2014 floods evacuated about 32,000 people and flooded the Kolubara open-pit mines that fuel 40 percent of Serbia's generating capacity, the state utility EPS dewatered the Tamnava West mine by the first quarter of 2015 and kept supply at pre-flood levels with no recorded shortages, and the Directorate of Water Management rebuilt or upgraded 71 km of flood protection that by October 2019 covered 24,944 households against a target of 9,000.

• Floods Emergency Recovery Project after the May 2014 floods

  After the May 2014 floods displaced about 90,000 people and directly affected about a million in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the two entities' agriculture and water ministries and Brcko District distributed US$27 million of emergency goods and restored 446 public service facilities to pre-flood condition against a target of 200, including more than 260 km of rural roads and 53,460 m of flood defences, by the project's June 2019 closing.

• Hazard Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project: seismic retrofitting and the emergency information system

  Romania's Ministry of Administration and Interior and Ministry of Regional Development completed seismic retrofitting of 44 high-risk public buildings, where about 23,350 people worked, and rolled out a modernised emergency communication system to 48 sites under a project approved in May 2004, after cutting the retrofit target from 84 buildings to 40 in 2010 and closing in June 2012 instead of December 2009.

• State Hydrometeorological Service severe weather warning upgrade

  Moldova's State Hydrometeorological Service, with the emergency situations department, installed a Doppler radar by June 2014 and extended the lead time of severe weather warnings from 10 minutes to 1 hour at baseline to 3 to 6 hours by 2016, against an original target of 12 hours, under a project approved in August 2010 that closed in September 2016, two years late.

• Reconstruction programme after the 26 November 2019 earthquake

  Albania's government reported in November 2021, two years after the 26 November 2019 earthquake, that more than 33,400 families had received reconstruction and repair grants worth ALL12.7 billion, that 13,325 people were receiving rent bonuses while new homes were built, and that 27 schools had been completed, while promising 4,500 individual houses and 12,000 apartments by spring 2022.

• Response and housing recovery after the spring 2024 floods

  Kazakhstan's government reported that during the spring 2024 floods, which it called the largest in 80 years, more than 120,000 people were rescued and placed in temporary accommodation centres, and that by December 2024 it had bought 5,767 homes, fully repaired 9,156 and built 2,680 new houses for owners of the 19,359 flooded homes inspected, while 36,455 families received one-off assistance.

• Earthquake Reconstruction Project in the Spitak earthquake zone

  Armenia's Ministry of Economy, through a project implementation unit, restarted reconstruction in the zone of the December 1988 Spitak earthquake that had stopped when Soviet work crews withdrew in 1991, and by April 1997 had provided 2,857 housing units against 2,069 planned, completed 10 factories against 7 and laid 41 km of water pipes against about 27 km, under an IDA credit closed in June 1997.

• Flood Emergency Project after the 1998 southern floods

  After record floods in southern Kyrgyzstan in 1998 damaged about 1,000 houses, the Department of Water Resources rebuilt or built 27.4 km of river protection embankments against 8.8 km planned, directly protecting about 40,000 people, and in 2003 a flood greater than that of 1998 passed the new embankments without significant damage or overtopping.

• Sfax flood protection (belt canal) after the 1982 flood

  After the October 1982 flood in Sfax killed at least 70 people and destroyed about 700 houses, Tunisia's Urban Hydraulics Directorate built an eight-km belt canal and rehabilitated the city's wadi channels and dikes, completing the works in June 1988 as scheduled, and the January 1990 floods that damaged much of central and southern Tunisia did not damage the protected area.

• Housing reconstruction after the February 2019 Shamakhi earthquake

  Azerbaijan's Minister of Emergency Situations reported on 5 December 2019, ten months after the February 2019 Shamakhi earthquake, that 580 houses had been built and 1,175 houses restored in Shamakhi district with state funds, while three apartment buildings with 174 flats were, by the President's account on the same page, still under construction.

• Housing recovery after the Sardoba reservoir dam failure, 2020

  After the Sardoba reservoir dam broke on 1 May 2020 in Syrdarya region, Uzbekistan's government evacuated about 90,000 people from 24 mahallas of three districts, and by October 2020 had built 37 five-storey blocks with 1,480 flats in Sardoba district's Dustlik mahalla, given free to flood victims, and 86 five-storey buildings in Sardoba and Mirzaabad districts.

• Emergency Flood Assistance Project after the 1998 and 1999 floods

  After floods in 1998 caused damage estimated at US$40 million, about 2 percent of GDP, Tajikistan's Republican Project Coordination Unit for Liquidation of Consequences of Natural Disasters had repaired about 210 km of roads and fully completed seven bridges and structures by the credit's closing on 31 December 2001, with about 80 km of road repairs and three bridges unfinished, and the World Bank rated the outcome unsatisfactory.

• Roshydromet modernization: accuracy of hazard warnings to emergency agencies

  Russia's federal hydrometeorological service Roshydromet raised the accuracy of its warnings on hazardous hydrometeorological events delivered to regional emergency agencies from 81 to 83 percent to 91 percent, and of its warnings on natural hazards from 88 to 95.8 percent, between 2014 and the end of 2022 under its second national modernization project.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Egypt's health authorities reported to WHO that 56,907,319 people, 56 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 31 December 2023, from a first dose given on 24 January 2021, with 42,337,175 (41 per 100) completing the primary series.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Jordan's health authorities reported to WHO that 4,821,579 people, 47 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 21 August 2022, from a first dose given on 13 January 2021, with 4,558,313 (45 per 100) completing the primary series.

• COVID-19 vaccination campaign

  Lebanon's health authorities reported to WHO that 2,740,227 people, 40 per 100 population, had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by 22 December 2022, from a first dose given on 14 February 2021, with 2,414,223 (35 per 100) completing the primary series.

• Flood and Landslide Emergency Recovery Project, and its slow delivery

  Myanmar's Ministry of Construction and rural roads department had used US$37.2 million of a US$200 million IDA credit approved in July 2016 for recovery from the 2015 floods and landslides, rehabilitating 60 km of rural roads, 10 percent of the target, and starting no national road works in Chin State, when disbursements stopped after the military takeover of February 2021, and the project closed on its original December 2021 date with an Unsatisfactory outcome rating.

• Rural housing reconstruction after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake

  Pakistan's Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority inspected all 463,243 houses due for reconstruction in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after the October 2005 earthquake and certified 438,789 of them, 95 percent, as compliant with seismic-resistant standards by the time the World Bank credit closed in May 2011.

• Owner-driven housing reconstruction after the 2004 tsunami

  Sri Lanka's government paid owner-driven cash grants through two state banks, with IDA refinancing, to 47,864 Phase I beneficiaries after the December 2004 tsunami, of whom a 100 percent audit found 44,944 eligible, and the physical completion rate for Phase I houses was 94 percent when the programme closed in September 2008.

• Typhoon Ketsana road recovery under the Road Sector Project

  Laos's Ministry of Public Works and Transport repaired about 1,100 km of roads, including small and wooden bridges, damaged by Typhoon Ketsana in September 2009 across five southern provinces, out of about 1,842 km the post-disaster assessment found damaged, through a recovery component budgeted at US$8.8 million, and in 2011 used the contingency fund the project created to spend US$3.63 million repairing 28.6 km of National Road 13 North after Typhoons Haima and Nock Ten.

• Earthquake Commission Canterbury Home Repair Programme

  New Zealand's Earthquake Commission had practically completed 66,252 home repairs under its Canterbury Home Repair Programme by 30 June 2015, after the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes damaged about 180,000 homes, missing the December 2014 completion target it had brought forward from December 2015, with about 8 to 10 percent of repairs needing additional work after completion.

• Catastrophe bond payout after Hurricane Melissa

  Jamaica's government received confirmation in November 2025 of a full US$150 million payout under the catastrophe insurance it had bought from the World Bank, backed by a catastrophe bond issued in 2024 and renewing cover first placed in 2021, after Hurricane Melissa met the bond's parametric triggers in October 2025.

• Federal strategic stock of protective masks, and its dismantling

  The Federal Public Service Public Health held a strategic stock of masks for pandemic influenza in military warehouses in Namur from 2006, sized at 32 million surgical masks when the Bioethics Committee reviewed the pandemic plan in 2009. It destroyed the expired masks in operations in late 2015 and late 2018 without replacing them, so Belgium entered the COVID-19 crisis in early 2020 with no strategic mask stock.

• BE-Alert

  The National Crisis Centre of the Federal Public Service Interior has run BE-Alert, the national system that lets municipalities and provinces alert the population by SMS, including location-based SMS, and information screens, since 2017. By 1 September 2025, 537 of 565 municipalities, covering 95 percent of Belgian territory, were affiliated, 1,369,659 citizen addresses were registered, and the system had been used 273 times in 2025.

• Defence against the June 2013 Danube flood

  During the June 2013 Danube flood, which crested at a record 891 cm in Budapest, the government declared an emergency and Hungary's national disaster management directorate ran six days of intensive defence along 807.4 km of levees; of 206,000 people the flood directly endangered, 1,570 had to be evacuated.

Every delivery under adaptability