InstaPay under the National Retail Payment System

• PhilSys foundational national ID rollout

  The Philippine Statistics Authority reported 90,017,565 people registered to PhilSys by 19 September 2024, or 97.8% of the year's 92 million registration target, with the ID designed for government and private-sector transactions.

• Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)

  The Philippines' 4Ps conditional cash-transfer programme reached 4,064,354 households by 30 June 2024 across 41,746 barangays, 148 cities and 1,485 municipalities, with beneficiaries linked to health, education and nutrition conditions.

• DPWH national infrastructure delivery and transparency portal

  The Philippine Department of Public Works and Highways' live transparency portal records 209,419 completed contracts and 997 terminated contracts out of 258,645 contracts from 2016 to 2026, against ₱6.4 trillion of listed investment.

• Typhoon Yolanda shelter and recovery programme

  After Typhoon Yolanda, the Philippines' recovery programme had provided shelter assistance to about 1.14 million families by September 2016; the National Housing Authority had completed 29,661 permanent units while 102,240 more were under construction across six regions, 14 provinces and 115 cities and municipalities.

• Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, a mothballed megaproject

  The Philippine Department of Energy's 2017 annual report describes the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant as mothballed and records its reassessment as part of a proposed national nuclear programme, after the original plant failed to become an operating power asset.

• TESDA technical-vocational training at national scale

  The Philippines' Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, created in 1994, recorded 1,633,393 enrollees and 1,428,724 graduates in technical-vocational education and training across all regions in 2023, with enrollment 29.61% above 2022.

• CRADLE, DOST's collaborative R&D grant for academe and companies

  From 2017 the Department of Science and Technology's CRADLE programme funded 82 projects in which a university or research institute did R&D on a problem set by a Filipino company, worth 373.6 million pesos and involving 36 HEIs or RDIs and 83 companies by early 2022.

Every delivery from Philippines

• M-Pesa, and the regulator that let it run

  Kenya's central bank let a phone company build a national payments system in 2007 and supervised it into ubiquity, and by June 2026 Kenya had 94.2 million registered mobile money accounts and 572,104 agents, in a population of about 55 million.

• Dual-track vocational training

  Switzerland runs most upper-secondary education through firms: of 218,259 students enrolled in vocational education and training in 2020, 90.6 percent, 197,782, were apprentices trained inside companies under federal law.

• Itaipu Binacional, the treaty-built power system

  Brazil and Paraguay built and operate Itaipu through a treaty-based binational entity, which reached 14,000 megawatts of installed capacity and has supplied both countries since the first unit entered operation in 1984.

• Economic Planning Board, long-run industrial coordination

  South Korea's Economic Planning Board operated from 1961 to 1994 as the government body responsible for economic development planning and budget planning before its functions moved through later finance ministries.

• SNIG, universal individual cattle traceability

  Uruguay required producers to register every calf in a national traceability system from 2006, and by October 2011 the registry covered 100 percent of the herd, 11.75 million live cattle, while identification tags reached more than 45,000 producers each year.

• Social and Economic Council, the institutionalised polder bargain

  The Netherlands established the Social and Economic Council (SER) by law in 1950, giving employers, trade unions and independent Crown-appointed experts a standing forum for social and economic policy; the current council has 36 members and collective agreements cover more than 84 percent of employees.

• Top Sectors and mission-driven innovation policy

  In November 2023 the Netherlands renewed its mission-driven innovation compact: businesses, knowledge institutions, governments and other organisations committed an estimated €5.7 billion a year, coordinated through five missions and eight Knowledge and Innovation Agendas.

• iDEAL, interoperable online payments through Dutch banks

  The Netherlands built iDEAL as a shared bank-connected online payment rail; in 2024 it processed 1.47 billion payments worth €141 billion, almost matching the €147 billion spent through debit cards at the point of sale.

• eHerkenning, a public-private business identity framework

  The Netherlands developed eHerkenning with commercial identity providers so businesses could use one trusted login across public services; in 2024 the framework recorded 1,140,751 authentication means and 639 connected organisations.

• Digipoort, an electronic post office for government–business data

  The Netherlands runs Digipoort as a central gateway that receives, validates and routes secure messages between businesses and public agencies; in 2024 it handled 75,433,353 messages, including a channel with 3,075 connected organisations for financial and social reporting.

• ChileCompra, a national public-procurement marketplace

  Chile runs Mercado Público as a shared e-procurement platform; in 2024 it transacted US$17.643 billion through 2,031,670 purchase orders involving 110,255 participating suppliers.

• Start-Up Chile, a public accelerator for global startups

  Since 2010, Start-Up Chile has supported more than 2,500 startups from Chile and abroad through an equity-free public accelerator that connects founders with investors, mentors and corporates.

• SECOP II, a transaction platform for public procurement

  Since March 2015, Colombia Compra Eficiente has used SECOP II to move public contracting from publication to online transactions; in 2024 the platform managed COP117.642 trillion, 84.4% of the value managed across the three SECOP platforms.

• Obras por Impuestos, firms financing public infrastructure

  Peru's Obras por Impuestos scheme lets private firms finance public projects against future tax liabilities; the finance ministry recorded S/5.504 billion in certificates issued from 2009 through January 2024 and six projects identified as physically and financially complete in 2024.

• FONAFIFO Payment for Environmental Services

  Costa Rica's FONAFIFO Payment for Environmental Services programme paid contracts covering 208,089 hectares in 2024, disbursing ₡9.234 billion while using public, donor and market-linked finance to keep private land in forest uses.

• SRI electronic invoicing at economy-wide scale

  Ecuador's tax authority received approximately 3.299 billion electronic receipts from January through December 2024, using a legally mandated, digitally signed rail that connects private taxpayers to the public tax system.

• Crédito de Desarrollo Humano for beneficiary-led businesses

  Ecuador's Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion reported delivering 44,622 Crédito de Desarrollo Humano loans in 2024, including 6,622 to Indigenous people, turning a social-transfer registry into small-enterprise finance and market-access support.

• Ruta PY02 public-private road concession

  Paraguay's public-works balance records the Ruta PY02 duplication and expansion as a 149.5-kilometre public-private partnership, awarded under the 2013 APP law with a USD 507 million construction contract and a concession running to 2046.

• Vaca Muerta unconventional energy build-out

  Argentina's energy ministry reported that Vaca Muerta supplied 54.9% of national oil output and 50.1% of national gas output in December 2024, within a year in which national oil production reached its highest level since 2003 and gas its highest since 2006.

• Palapa Ring national fibre network

  Indonesia delivered the three-package Palapa Ring fibre network to connect 57 kabupaten/kota; the communications ministry reported average utilisation of 54.35% in 2024, with the western, central and eastern packages carrying different loads.

• JENDELA national digital-network plan

  Malaysia's JENDELA Phase 1 connected 7.74 million premises with fibre by 2022, above its 7.5 million target, and raised 4G coverage in populated areas to 96.92% through a regulator-led programme delivered with telecommunications providers.

• PromptPay national instant-payment rail

  Thailand's central bank and commercial-bank network have run PromptPay as a shared instant-payment rail since 2016; by December 2024, 87.5 million proxy numbers were registered and average daily volume reached 66.4 million transactions, with a one-day peak of 89.2 million in September.

• Kit Digital SME digitalisation programme

  Spain's Red.es Kit Digital programme used public grants, volunteer representatives and private digitalising agents to help small firms adopt software and online services; by 3 August 2026 the programme reported 1,566,846 transformation projects delivered by 10,727 agents, 96 percent of them ICT SMEs.

• Baltic Pipe gas interconnection

  Poland's Gaz-System, Denmark's Energinet and Norway's Gassco coordinated the Baltic Pipe cross-border gas corridor; the interconnection launched on 1 October 2022 and reached its target technical parameters by November, allowing up to 10 billion cubic metres per year toward Poland.

• Swish mobile instant payments

  Sweden's six-bank-owned Getswish consortium built Swish into a national mobile payment rail: in 2023 it served just over 8.7 million private users and about 335,000 merchant or business users, processing approximately 977 million payments worth SEK 480 billion.

• National Broadband Plan rural fibre rollout

  Ireland's National Broadband Plan combined commercial investment with a state intervention contract for rural areas covering more than 560,000 premises; by October 2024 the government reported over 102,600 premises connected to the National Broadband Ireland network.

• UAE Pass, the shared digital identity layer

  The UAE Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority reported that UAE Pass had 6.84 million registered users accessing more than 15,000 digital services from government and private-sector providers in 2023.

• Guatecompras, the national procurement marketplace

  Guatemala's Ministry of Finance reported 152,676 enabled Guatecompras users in April 2023, including 137,950 registered suppliers alongside public buyers, auditors and oversight bodies using the national procurement system.

• Agendas Mobilizadoras and green innovation alliances

  Portugal's PRR transparency portal reports 52 Agendas Mobilizadoras and Verdes representing €5,278,338,665.70 of approved investment and €3,051,632,468.10 of approved support as of 17 August 2026.

• Unified Payments Interface, the bank-and-app network

  NPCI's UPI rail connected 731 live banks and settled 22,716.07 million transactions worth ₹28,92,138.67 crore in June 2026 through participating banks and payment apps.

• Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme

  South Africa's IPP Office reported 95 independent power producers operational with 7,335 MW online by 31 March 2025, alongside 9,618 MW procured from 116 projects at financial close and R292.2 billion attracted for energy infrastructure.

• Jóvenes Construyendo el Futuro, government-workplace training

  Mexico's labour ministry linked young people to more than half a million registered workplaces for on-the-job training, reporting 2.95 million beneficiaries nationwide after five years of Jóvenes Construyendo el Futuro in February 2024.

• e-Devlet Gateway, a shared public-service front door

  Türkiye's e-Devlet Gateway ended 2024 with 66,753,526 users, 8,309 online services and 1,080 participating institutions, including 127 private providers alongside central government, universities and municipalities.

• Seawater desalination under private concessions

  Israel's Water Authority contracted private operators to build and run large seawater desalination plants under long-term concessions, and by 2022 the five largest held concessions for about 596 million cubic metres a year and supplied 33 percent of the country's fresh water, with the state buying 540 million cubic metres from them that year for about NIS 1.5 billion.

• Government of Rwanda and Zipline drone delivery network

  From 2016 the Government of Rwanda contracted Zipline to fly blood and later other medical products to health facilities, and by 2024 the Rwanda Biomedical Centre reported deliveries to 624 sites across 27 districts and over 12,000 packages in a single month.

• Empresa Energía Honduras loss-reduction partnership, and its reversal

  Honduras's state utility ENEE awarded Empresa Energía Honduras a public-private partnership contract in December 2015, with service starting in 2016, to run national distribution and cut technical and non-technical losses by 17%. Distribution losses fell from 33.38% to 27.11% by February 2018, rose to 35.37% by December 2020 and stood at 30.77% in December 2021. The state intervened the contract and took distribution back when it ended in August 2023.

• INSAFORP tripartite training institute, and its dissolution

  El Salvador ran its national vocational training system from 1993 through INSAFORP, an institute funded by a 1% employer payroll levy and governed by a tripartite council of four government, four employer and four worker representatives; a 2021 reform gave the President the choice of the employer seats, and Decree 893 of 14 November 2023 dissolved INSAFORP and handed its functions to INCAF, whose council holds only the institute's president and four ministries.

• Affordable Connectivity Program, and its lapse

  The Federal Communications Commission ran the Affordable Connectivity Program from 31 December 2021, paying monthly broadband discounts through voluntarily participating internet providers to more than 23 million enrolled households, and ended it on 1 June 2024 when the funding Congress had provided ran out.

• Operation Warp Speed

  Operation Warp Speed, an HHS and DOD partnership, financed private vaccine makers' development, at-risk manufacturing and advance purchases, including a $5.97 billion contract for 300 million Pfizer/BioNTech doses. Three of the vaccines it bought held FDA emergency use authorization by 1 March 2021, the first from 11 December 2020.

• Plan France Très Haut Débit

  Under the Plan France Très Haut Débit, defined by the government in February 2013, private operators and local-authority public initiative networks built fibre so that 43.1 million of France's 45.2 million premises, 95.3 percent, were connectable to fibre at the end of June 2026.

• Sistema de Concesiones de Obras Públicas

  Chile's Ministry of Public Works has delivered public infrastructure through private concession contracts since 1993; in April 2026 its Concessions Directorate reported 81 contracts in force with US$29.615 billion of committed investment across motorways, airports, hospitals, prisons, a reservoir, a desalination plant and a cable car.

• DuitNow on the Real-time Retail Payments Platform

  Bank Negara Malaysia merged its clearing subsidiary with the banks' payment consortium into PayNet, jointly owned by the central bank and the financial industry, which rolled out the Real-time Retail Payments Platform with DuitNow from December 2018; BNM statistics record 5,438.6 million RPP transactions worth RM3,638.1 billion in 2025, up from 109.3 million in 2019.

• Tuaspring desalination partnership, and its collapse

  PUB contracted Hyflux's Tuaspring Pte Ltd under a water purchase agreement for Singapore's largest desalination plant, opened in 2013, then terminated the agreement on 17 April 2019 after the operator failed to keep the plant reliably operational, took the plant into public ownership in May 2019 and spent around $80 million on repairs due for completion in mid-2021.

• PPP Canada and the P3 Canada Fund, and its dissolution

  Canada's federal Crown corporation PPP Canada, operational from 2009, committed over C$1.3 billion through the P3 Canada Fund to 25 public-private partnership projects across the country before the government dissolved it, with operations ceasing at the end of 2017 and the corporation dissolved effective March 31, 2018.

• National PPP programme and project library, and its dismantling

  China's Ministry of Finance ran a national government and social capital cooperation (PPP) programme under the 2015 State Council guidance, whose management library held 10,332 projects with 16.6 trillion yuan of investment by the end of October 2022; in November 2023 the State Council ended the 2015 regime for every project not yet procured and replaced it with a concession-only, user-fee mechanism that bars availability payments.

• UDAN regional air connectivity scheme, and its lapsed routes

  India's Ministry of Civil Aviation paid viability-gap funding to private airlines to fly underserved regional routes from April 2017. Of the 774 routes awarded in the first three rounds, 371 commenced, and only 174 were still flying in March 2023; only 54 of the 112 routes that completed their three-year concession kept operating afterwards.

• Kamu-Özel İşbirliği, the national public-private partnership programme

  Turkey's central government signed 277 public-private partnership contracts from 1986 to September 2025, worth US$112.09 billion in September 2025 prices across transport, energy and health, with 262 in operation, including 18 PPP city hospitals holding 29,325 registered beds.

• Private Finance Initiative and PF2, and their abolition

  HM Treasury's Private Finance Initiative signed on average 55 contracts a year between 1997 and 2010 and left 704 current PFI and PF2 projects with a capital value of £57 billion at 31 March 2018, after signings fell to an average of nine a year after May 2010 and the Chancellor announced at Budget 2018 that the government would no longer use PF2 for new projects.

• PFI Act projects and concessions

  Under the 1999 PFI Act, Japanese national and local governments had published implementation policies for a cumulative 1,219 PFI projects by 31 March 2026, 80 of them public facility operating concessions, with a cumulative initial contract value of ¥10.47 trillion (104,730 hundred-million yen).

• Dual vocational training (duale Ausbildung), and its contraction

  Germany's dual training system, in which firms employ apprentices under contracts registered by the chambers while state vocational schools teach them, recorded 475,950 new training contracts in the year to 30 September 2025, down from 569,379 in 2011, while 54,372 offered places stayed unfilled.

• New Payments Platform, the shared fast-payment rail

  The New Payments Platform, whose payments the Reserve Bank of Australia settles one by one in central bank money through the Fast Settlement Service of its RITS system, settled a daily average of 3.6 million transactions in 2024/25, almost 19 percent more than in 2023/24, worth A$4.7 billion a day.

• NIBSS Instant Payment (NIP)

  NIBSS Instant Payment, run since 2011 by the interbank settlement company jointly owned by the Central Bank of Nigeria and the banks, grew from 2 billion transactions in 2020 to 11 billion in 2024, with values rising from US$457 billion to US$1.1 trillion, and had 57.7 million unique users.

• National eID ecosystem with private trust-service partners

  Estonia's state eID ecosystem, in which the state issues ID cards with certificates from a private trust-service partner and accepts the privately issued Smart-ID in its authentication service TARA, handled 27,094,512 Smart-ID authentications through TARA in 2023, 57 percent of the total, beside 22,351,282 by state ID card and Mobile-ID.

• Finnish Trust Network for strong electronic identification

  From May 2017 Finland's Trust Network obliged banks and mobile operators issuing strong electronic identification to let brokers resell their authentications at a regulated maximum price, cut to 3 cents in 2019, and mediated authentication events rose from an estimated 20 million in the second half of 2019 to about 60 million in the first half of 2020.

• Interoperable QR immediate payments, built by the banks and the Banco Central de Bolivia

  Bolivia's banks first offered QR payments under their own SIMPLE standard, and the Banco Central de Bolivia then made QR transfers interoperable across banks, cooperatives, housing lenders and development finance institutions with a universal standard compatible with the banks' codes, mandatory electronic channels and free transfers; immediate QR payments rose from 6 million operations in 2021 to 892 million in 2025, 86 percent of electronic fund transfer orders that year.

• Plan Nacional de Viviendas Familia Feliz, and its intake freeze

  By May 2024 the Dominican government's Familia Feliz plan, in which private developers build low-cost homes and the state pays down-payment, tax and mortgage-rate subsidies, had built 3,979 homes and assigned RD$1,108 million in subsidies.

• North-South eastern expressway BOT sections, and the retreat to public investment

  Vietnam built three component projects of the 2017-2020 North-South eastern expressway phase, 178 km at about VND 25,343 billion, as BOT public-private partnerships, then financed all ten 2021-2025 component projects on the Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City stretch as public investment, and in June 2025 the Ministry of Construction reported that it had asked the Prime Minister to keep widening the corridor with public investment money, leaving PPP as a later option once tolls were collected.

• Brave1 defence technology cluster

  Ukraine's government set up the Brave1 cluster in 2023 under the Ministry of Digital Transformation. By September 2026 it had awarded more than 1,000 non-repayable grants worth UAH 6.2 billion to private defence-technology developers, whose products it tests with the armed forces and moves toward serial production.

• Renewable energy feed-in tariff programme and Benban

  Egypt's Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy took private sector-owned renewable generation from 0 MW in October 2015 to 1,500 MW at financial closure by the end of FY2017/18 under its feed-in tariff programme, with about US$2 billion of private investment, much of it in the Benban solar park.

• Competitive renewable IPP programme, from Navoi Scaling Solar

  Uzbekistan's government signed its first competitively tendered solar PPP in November 2019 at US¢2.679 per kWh, the 100 MW Navoi plant began commercial operation in December 2021, and by January 2024 operational solar PV capacity in the country stood at 1,497 MW, with agreements for a further 5,677 MW of solar and 5,100 MW of wind by 2030.

• Lobito Corridor rail concession

  Angola's Ministry of Transport signed a 30-year concession with Lobito Atlantic Railway, in which Mota-Engil holds equity, on 4 November 2022 to rehabilitate, operate and maintain about 1,300 km of the Benguela line from Lobito to Luau and the Lobito mineral terminal. By September 2026 the concessionaire was operating the corridor with about 945 workers, 529 of them transferred from state rail and port operators.

• Beira railways concession, and its termination

  Mozambique's government concessioned the Sena and Machipanda railways for 25 years in 2004 to a joint company in which the state rail enterprise CFM held 49 percent; the Sena line reopened to Moatize more than two years late, carried 266,000 tonnes against a target of one million, and the government terminated the concession on 7 December 2011.

• Sankofa Gas Project (Offshore Cape Three Points)

  Ghana structured the Sankofa offshore gas development as a public-private deal in which Eni and Vitol invested and the state oil company GNPC bought the gas under take-or-pay terms backed by an IDA payment guarantee, mobilising US$4,653 million of private capital and bringing first gas to power plants in 2018.

• Henri Konan Bédié toll bridge

  The Ivorian government let a third Abidjan lagoon crossing as a toll-bridge concession to SOCOPRIM, the project company formed in 1997, whose investors include Bouygues Travaux Publics, after a 1996 tender. It funded initial works from October 2011 after the conflict. Private equity and loans, insured by MIGA guarantees of $145 million, built the 1.5 km bridge and 6.7 km road at a cost of about $282 million, and the bridge opened on 16 December 2014.

• Beitbridge Border Post modernisation (Zimborders build-operate-transfer concession)

  Zimbabwe's government contracted the Zimborders consortium under a build-operate-transfer concession to rebuild the Beitbridge Border Post with a US$300 million investment; works began in March 2019 and the President commissioned the modernised post in September 2022.

• Private-led coffee sector governance through InterCafe, and its dismantling

  Burundi had run its coffee value chain through a public regulator, ARFIC, beside private-led bodies: InterCafe, whose members were producers, millers, roasters and exporters, and the growers' consortium CNAC with about 109,000 members. The government named all three as joint implementing agencies of the Coffee Sector Competitiveness Project. In January 2020 it replaced them by decree with ODECA, an office under state control. The project closed early in 2021, and 44 percent of the grant was cancelled.

• MauCAS Instant Payment System, run by the Bank of Mauritius with banks and non-banks

  The Bank of Mauritius launched the Mauritius Central Automated Switch in August 2019 as a central hub through which banks and non-bank payment providers route instant payments, and its Instant Payment System grew from 126,000 transactions in FY2019-20 to 19.4 million transactions worth Rs63.0 billion in FY2024-25, with 11 banks and 4 non-banks participating.

• Private electricity distribution concessions, and the 2022 decision to end them

  Uganda ran most of its electricity distribution through private concessions, with Umeme selling about 96 percent of grid energy to end users in 2024, but a Cabinet directive of October 2022 approved the non-renewal of all expiring concessions, and in 2024 the state utility UEDCL took over the assets of two private distributors whose licences were not renewed.

• Transrail concession of the Dakar to Bamako railway, and its collapse

  Mali and Senegal concessioned the 1,288 km Dakar to Bamako railway to Transrail in 2003 for 25 years, terminated the concession on 5 December 2015 after it failed, and rail traffic, which at its peak had carried about 1.5 million tons of freight a year, stopped completely in 2018.

• MitID, the digital identity built by the state and the banks

  Denmark's Agency for Digital Government, representing the state, regions and municipalities, and the banks, through a Finance Denmark subsidiary, jointly own MitID, launched in May 2021 to replace NemID and migrated in 2021 and 2022; by July 2026, 97.2 percent of residents over 15 had an active MitID, and it averaged 94.4 million transactions a month in 2025.

• SPID, the public digital identity issued by accredited private providers

  Italy's Agency for Digital Italy runs SPID, the public digital identity system in which accredited identity providers, private firms such as Aruba, InfoCert, Namirial and Register alongside state-controlled Poste Italiane and public companies such as Lepida and InfoCamere, issue the credentials under agreements with the agency, and by 8 October 2025 41 million SPID identities had been issued, when the agency extended the providers' agreements to 2027.

• D4 Příbram to Písek motorway, the first Czech transport PPP

  The Czech Ministry of Transport procured the completion of the D4 motorway between Příbram and Písek as the country's first transport public-private partnership, and the concessionaire Via Salis opened 32 km of new motorway and 16 km of modernised sections on 17 December 2024 after 43 months of construction, as the ministry had announced in June 2021, with the state paying an availability payment until 2049.

• Ķekava bypass, the first major road PPP in the Baltic states

  Latvia's Ministry of Transport and the state roads company signed a design, build, finance and maintain contract for the Ķekava bypass on the A7 on 16 July 2021, the private partner Kekava ABT built the roughly 18 km road from 2021 to 2023 and it opened on 13 October 2023, with the state paying EUR 250.13 million in availability payments over 20 years.

• Public-private partnership contracts monitored by CPVA

  Lithuania's state and municipal institutions had concluded 76 public-private partnership contracts by 31 December 2025, 49 of them in force at the end of 2025 across culture and sport, waste, energy, law enforcement, education, transport and defence, with only one new contract signed in 2025.

• D4/R7 Bratislava bypass PPP

  Slovakia built the D4 motorway and R7 expressway around Bratislava, 59.0 km at EUR 1,670 million, as a public-private partnership between 2016 and 2021, the only PPP among the major road projects the Supreme Audit Office listed in its 2025 audit of road investment.

• OPS road projects of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration

  The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has delivered four road sections as public-private partnerships (OPS) now in operation, opened in 2005, 2006, 2009 and July 2020, each run by a private company for 20 to 25 years, and had two more under planning or construction in 2026, Rv. 555 Sotrasambandet and E10/Rv. 85 Tjeldsund to Langvassbukt.

• Public-private partnership contracts in Croatia's PPP register, and their dwindling

  Croatia's register of public-private partnership contracts lists 17 contracts with an estimated capital value of EUR 338.3 million, 13 of them signed between 2006 and 2008, mostly Varaždin county schools, one in 2013 for Zagreb Airport, one in 2016 and two street lighting contracts in 2018, and none since October 2018.

• Greece's PPP programme under the 2005 PPP law

  Greece's Inter-Ministerial PPP Committee and the finance ministry's PPP Unit have taken 33 public-private partnerships to signed contracts since 2006, from Attica school buildings and fire stations to waste plants, the Kalamata to Rizomylos and Crete northern road sections and ultrafast broadband, with another 34 projects listed in procurement or preparation in 2026.

• De Kade prison in Antwerp, a federal DBFM contract

  Belgium's federal Buildings Agency had the new 440-place prison de Kade in Antwerp, part of the federal prisons masterplan, designed, built and financed by the consortium Hortus Conclusus under a DBFM contract, with works from 2023 to 2026 at a construction cost of EUR 195.5 million and an annual availability fee of EUR 23.1 million for 25 years of maintenance, after which the prison returns to the federal state free of charge.

• Prima Casa / Noua Casa state-guaranteed mortgages through banks, and their wind-down

  Romania's Prima Casa programme, renamed Noua Casa in 2020, had the National Credit Guarantee Fund for SMEs (FNGCIMM) issue 334,048 state guarantees and guarantee promises worth RON 31.68 billion on mortgages made by participating banks between 2009 and December 2024, but only 811 guarantees in 2024, and the ratio of guaranteed lending to banks' unguaranteed housing loans fell from about 70 percent in 2017 to about 10 percent in 2023.

• Funding for Growth Scheme (Novekedesi Hitelprogram), central bank refinancing lent by commercial banks

  Hungary's central bank refinanced commercial banks at zero interest on condition that they lent to small and medium firms at a capped margin under the Funding for Growth Scheme, and across its phases from June 2013 to 2022 some 75 thousand enterprises received about HUF 6,400 billion of loans, more than half of them investment loans.

• Moja prva plata, state-paid first-job training placed with employers, and its 2025 halt

  Serbia's Government paid a monthly allowance to young people without work experience while employers trained them for nine months under the Moja prva plata programme run by the National Employment Service, which placed 9,237 young people with 5,471 employers in the 2021 cycle and 7,214 with 4,520 employers from the 2023 call in January 2024, but ran no call for 2024 and started no activity under the measure in 2025 against a plan of 10,000 places.

• Chisinau International Airport concession, and its rescission in 2020

  Moldova's Public Property Agency concessioned the assets of Chisinau International Airport and its land to Avia Invest under contract 4/03 of 30 August 2013, with investment obligations of EUR 244 million over the life of the concession, and in 2020 notified the concessionaire that the contract was rescinded for failing to post the performance guarantee, while Avia Invest claimed EUR 900 million from the state at arbitration in Stockholm.

• Water management contracts and leases, and the national lease from 2017

  Armenia ran a sequence of water public-private partnerships from 2000, a Yerevan management contract, a 2006 to 2016 Yerevan lease and management contracts for the national and three regional utilities, which raised daily supply from about 6 hours in 1998 to 24 hours in most of Yerevan by 2015, and from January 2017 consolidated them into a single 15-year national lease covering about 2.2 million people.

• Private solar and wind plants under government investment agreements

  Azerbaijan's government brought its first utility-scale private solar plant, Masdar's 230 MW Garadagh plant built with US$262 million of foreign investment, into operation on 26 October 2023, followed on 16 September 2026 by the 100 MW Gobustan plant won at a 2024 auction, with further private wind and solar plants under investment agreements and power purchase contracts.

• Utility-scale renewable power through direct proposals and IPP rounds, and the stop after 2021

  Jordan's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources added utility-scale solar and wind plants selling to the grid every year from 2015 to 2021, mostly private projects under direct proposals and competitive rounds, peaking at 345 MWac commissioned in 2020, and then added none: its annual reports put grid-selling renewable capacity at 1,498 MW in 2022 and 2023 and 1,478 MW in 2024.

• National and local PPP and concession contracts

  By the end of 2025 Kazakhstan's central and local governments had signed 1,257 PPP and concession contracts worth 3.6 trillion tenge, of which 697 were in implementation, 1,240 were local projects mostly in social services, health, education, energy and utilities, and 17 national projects accounted for more than 1.8 trillion tenge.

• Faster Payments System (SBP), run by the Bank of Russia with the banks

  The Bank of Russia's Faster Payments System, which commercial banks connect to so that customers can pay any account by phone number or QR code, processed more than 3 billion operations worth 14.4 trillion rubles in 2022 with 213 banks connected, and 18.3 billion operations worth 103 trillion rubles in 2025.

• ONAS regional sanitation concessions, and their seven-year procurement

  Tunisia's national sanitation utility ONAS launched procurement of its first two ten-year regional concessions in September 2017; the south-east concession started in June 2024 and served 797,000 people by July 2026, and the North Tunis concession entered into force only on 9 July 2026 after the original consortium had to be reorganised.

• Ultra-Fast Broadband programme

  The Crown's infrastructure investment company, now National Infrastructure Funding and Financing, co-funded a fibre network built and owned by Chorus, Northpower, Enable and Tuatahi First Fibre, which was completed in December 2022 covering 87 percent of the population in 412 towns and cities, with NZ$1.75 billion of government funding in a programme costing more than NZ$5.5 billion.

• Public Private Partnership Authority project portfolio

  Bangladesh's Public Private Partnership Authority listed 81 projects in its portfolio as last updated on 19 August 2026, of which four were in operation (including Patenga Container Terminal, the NIKDU and Chittagong haemodialysis centres and two Info-Sarkar 3 rural broadband components), three were partly operating while still under construction (among them the Dhaka Elevated Expressway), and 10 were under construction.

• Nam Theun 2 hydropower concession

  The Government of Lao PDR granted a build-operate-transfer concession for the 1,070 MW Nam Theun 2 plant to the Nam Theun Power Company, in which it held 25 percent through Lao Holding State Enterprise; the plant was completed in 2010 in 58.5 months, 4.5 months over plan, at US$1,308 million against a US$1,250 million base estimate (US$1,450 million with contingencies), and paid the government US$180 million in net revenues from 2010 to 2017.

• Central railway concession to the RITES-led Tanzania Railways Limited, and its collapse in 2011

  Tanzania concessioned the central railway network for 25 years to Tanzania Railways Limited, 51 percent owned by a consortium led by Rail India Technical and Economic Services, which took over operations in October 2007; freight fell from 470,000 tons in 2008 to 237,000 tons in 2010, and after a dispute the RITES shares were transferred to the government in 2011, leaving the operator fully state owned four years into the term.

• Zambia Railways concession to Railway Systems of Zambia, and its cancellation in 2012

  Zambia concessioned its national railway, after a decade in which traffic halved from 1,072 million net ton kilometres in 1993 to 540 million in 1999, to the private operator Railway Systems of Zambia, which took over on 3 December 2003 and raised traffic by about 30 percent in net ton kilometres in 2004 against 2003; the World Bank later reported that the network and service kept deteriorating and that the concession was cancelled in September 2012.

• Urban water lease (affermage) with SEEG, and the return to public management after 2000

  Guinea ran its urban water service from 1989 under a ten-year lease in which the public asset company SONEG owned and financed the network and the privately led operator SEEG ran it, but after renegotiation failed the private operator withdrew in December 2000, the government decided in July 2003 to keep the service public, and revenue collected from private customers fell from US$5.8 million in 1998 to US$1.7 million in 2005.

• Maputo water lease to Aguas de Mocambique, and the public buyout of the operator in 2010

  Mozambique's water asset fund FIPAG leased Maputo's water service from 2000 to the private operator Aguas de Mocambique, whose lead shareholder SAUR pulled out in December 2001 and offered its stake to Aguas de Portugal for one euro; under the lease Maputo connections rose from 77,793 at the end of 2000 to 109,932 in March 2009, and in 2010 FIPAG bought out the Portuguese shareholder, leaving the operator primarily publicly owned.

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