Documented examples

The move, and what it needed

The transport ministry split the corridor into component projects and offered some of them to BOT investors, with state capital covering more than half of each project's cost and tolls repaying the private share. For the next phase the National Assembly financed every section from the budget, with the state to recover its outlay through tolls, which took private investors out of the corridor.

Preconditions

• A ministry able to package a long corridor into sections a domestic investor can finance
• State capital support large enough to make toll revenue cover the private share
• A budget and a legislature willing to finance the corridor directly when investors do not close, which is also what ended the partnership route

Where else it has been used: Viability-gap BOT on a national trunk road shows how far a state will go before it simply pays for the road itself: here, once public money was available and the schedule was political, the partnership share went to zero.

The move, and what it needed

Vietnam's Prime Minister set a national ten-year quota for rural vocational training, and the labour ministry's vocational directorate financed short courses per head through provinces and districts, which commissioned public and private training providers against annual targets.

Preconditions

• A provincial and district administration able to recruit learners and commission courses against a central quota
• A network of district vocational centres and private providers to deliver short courses at volume
• A per-trainee subsidy schedule set centrally, which made the quota financeable

The move, and what it needed

Vietnam made one population-data-backed identity the default credential for administrative services, then connected health, driving, social-security and financial attributes to it instead of asking each ministry to issue another account.

Preconditions

• A population database with a stable identifier and identity-proofing process
• Legal authority to make one credential valid across ministries and service providers
• Interoperability and privacy controls for the sensitive records attached to the identity

Where else it has been used: A national identity app travels only when service owners actually retire their parallel logins. Vietnam's account count shows the rollout; adoption and safeguards remain separate tests.

The move, and what it needed

Vietnam merged the administrative systems for social and health insurance, used compulsory and subsidised categories to widen the pool and kept a long-running public target visible as coverage moved from a minority programme toward universality.

Preconditions

• A national social-security agency with local offices and a common beneficiary record
• Public subsidies for people whose income makes contributions unaffordable
• A provider and claims system capable of serving a rapidly expanding insured population

Where else it has been used: Coverage expansion is easier to copy than the administrative merger behind it. Vietnam's long series is useful because it shows the institutional work between a legal entitlement and near-universal enrolment.

The move, and what it needed

Vietnam used central emergency direction, utility and telecom repair teams, and a shared damage report to restore lifeline networks while the storm response was still unfolding, keeping power and communications as parallel recovery priorities.

Preconditions

• An emergency command chain able to direct utilities across provinces
• Asset inventories and field reporting that identify damaged substations and base stations quickly
• Repair crews, spare parts and access routes that can operate while floods and landslides continue

Where else it has been used: Recovery capacity is visible in the speed and completeness of restoration, not only in relief spending. Yagi provides a dated operational checkpoint while leaving long-term adaptation open.

The move, and what it needed

The transport ministry set a national completion pipeline, combined central investment with local site and land coordination, and reported completed links as an expanding network rather than isolated provincial projects.

Preconditions

• A central project pipeline that can sequence links across provinces
• Local authorities able to clear land and connect feeder roads
• A stable road standard and funding mechanism that keeps partial links usable

Where else it has been used: Network delivery travels when each opening is useful on its own but designed for later connection. The Vietnamese total shows reach; it does not substitute for a cost-and-schedule dataset.

The move, and what it needed

The first urban-rail project was allowed to proceed with changing designs, slow site handover and a directly appointed foreign EPC contractor, while operating costs were omitted from the initial economic appraisal; late fixes converted a construction delay into a major cost revision.

Preconditions

• An independent technical and cost review before design is split into buildable packages
• Land and interface responsibilities settled before an EPC contract starts
• A transparent appraisal that includes operations, maintenance and safety certification

Where else it has been used: Urban rail is a system contract, not just an elevated structure. Cat Linh–Ha Dong is a negative case for copying a financing and contractor model without the institutions that can hold design, land and commissioning together.

The move, and what it needed

Vietnam's Prime Minister made the line a dated national priority with his own progress reviews, Vietnam Electricity's transmission corporation split it into four component projects built in parallel, and the nine provinces on the route were held responsible for site clearance at the same time as construction.

Preconditions

• A state-owned grid company able to mobilise contractors and equipment across four sections at once
• Provincial governments that answer to the centre and can clear land on a central deadline
• An acute supply crisis, the 2023 northern power cuts, that justified bypassing normal sequencing